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# Medicine and ...

A medical website about all things health

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## Posts

- [Heart Corner: Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.medicineand.com/heart-corner-atrial-fibrillation/) - Not medical advice. Educational.
- [Statin therapy](https://www.medicineand.com/statin-therapy/) - Statin therapy is a cornerstone in the prevention and management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). By inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, statins lower LDL cholesterol, which significantly reduces the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Their benefits are well-documented across primary and secondary prevention settings, with additional pleiotropic effects such as improving endothelial function and
- [Ticagrelor or Clopidogrel Monotherapy vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Patient-Level Meta-Analysis](https://www.medicineand.com/ticagrelor-or-clopidogrel-monotherapy-vs-dual-antiplatelet-therapy-after-percutaneous-coronary-intervention-a-systematic-review-and-patient-level-meta-analysis/) - Significance: It remains uncertain whether the effectiveness of P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy following a brief dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) regimen post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) varies depending on the type of P2Y12 inhibitor used. Objective: To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of ticagrelor monotherapy or clopidogrel monotherapy compared to standard DAPT after PCI. Data Sources: A search
- [Type 2 myocardial infarction](https://www.medicineand.com/type-2-myocardial-infarction/) - Type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) results from ischemia due to reduced oxygen supply, heightened demand, or both, without acute atherothrombosis. Numerous nonatherosclerotic factors, including coronary abnormalities like vasospasm, dissection, or embolism, as well as noncoronary issues like anemia, hypoxemia, and hypotension, can diminish myocardial oxygen supply. Similarly, factors such as severe hypertension, tachycardia, and fever
- [Impact of Bempedoic Acid on Total Cardiovascular Events: A Prespecified Analysis of the CLEAR Outcomes Randomized Clinical Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/impact-of-bempedoic-acid-on-total-cardiovascular-events-a-prespecified-analysis-of-the-clear-outcomes-randomized-clinical-trial/) - The Cholesterol Lowering via Bempedoic Acid, an ACL-Inhibiting Regimen (CLEAR) Outcomes trial investigated the impact of bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, on the total incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with high cardiovascular risk, statin intolerance, and elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The study included 13,970 patients with or at
- [Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/empagliflozin-in-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease/) - The EMPA-KIDNEY trial aimed to investigate the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at risk of disease progression. The study enrolled individuals with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 or an eGFR of at least 45 but
- [Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes](https://www.medicineand.com/semaglutide-and-cardiovascular-outcomes-in-obesity-without-diabetes/) - The study investigated the impact of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals aged 45 or older with preexisting cardiovascular disease and overweight or obesity but without diabetes. In a double-blind trial, patients received either weekly subcutaneous semaglutide (2.4 mg) or a placebo. The primary cardiovascular endpoint (composite of cardiovascular death,
- [5-Year Outcomes After Bioresorbable Coronary Scaffolds Implanted With Improved Technique](https://www.medicineand.com/5-year-outcomes-after-bioresorbable-coronary-scaffolds-implanted-with-improved-technique/) - In the ABSORB IV trial, researchers aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) compared to cobalt chromium everolimus-eluting stents (CoCr-EES). Initially, BVS showed worse early results due to suboptimal technique. However, the study revealed that BVS implanted with improved technique demonstrated noninferior 1-year outcomes to CoCr-EES. The objective was to evaluate
- [Early versus Later Anticoagulation for Stroke with Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.medicineand.com/early-versus-later-anticoagulation-for-stroke-with-atrial-fibrillation/) - The study described in the given abstract aimed to determine whether early initiation of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) would be more effective than later initiation in individuals with atrial fibrillation who had experienced an acute ischemic stroke. The trial was conducted at 103 sites in 15 countries and involved randomizing participants to receive either early
- [Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Electrocardiogram Interpretation](https://www.medicineand.com/role-of-artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning-in-electrocardiogram-interpretation/) - Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques have played a significant role in improving the interpretation of electrocardiograms (ECGs) in recent years. Here's how it works and why it is useful: ECG Interpretation: ECGs are diagnostic tests used to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart. Traditionally, ECG interpretation has relied on the expertise
- [Exercise and Health](https://www.medicineand.com/exercise-and-health/) - Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining heart health, and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) recognizes its importance in preventing cardiovascular disease and managing existing heart conditions. Here are some key points from the ACC regarding the benefits of exercise for the heart: Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Regular exercise can help lower the
- [Sample exercise regimen for 4 times a week](https://www.medicineand.com/sample-exercise-regimen-for-4-times-a-week/) - A cardiac exercise regimen for four times a week, with each session lasting half an hour, can be an effective way to improve cardiovascular health and fitness. Here's a sample regimen that you can follow: Warm-up: Before starting any exercise session, it's important to warm up your body to prepare for the workout. Spend about
- [Intravascular Imaging–Guided or Angiography-Guided Complex PCI](https://www.medicineand.com/intravascular-imaging-guided-or-angiography-guided-complex-pci-2/) - This study investigated the clinical outcomes of intravascular imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for complex coronary-artery lesions compared to angiography-guided PCI. The study was a prospective, multicenter, open-label trial in South Korea, and 1639 patients were randomly assigned to undergo either intravascular imaging-guided PCI or angiography-guided PCI. In the intravascular imaging group, the choice between
- [Intravascular Imaging–Guided or Angiography-Guided Complex PCI](https://www.medicineand.com/intravascular-imaging-guided-or-angiography-guided-complex-pci/) - The study is a prospective, multicenter, open-label trial in South Korea that aims to compare the clinical outcomes of intravascular imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and angiography-guided PCI in patients with complex coronary-artery lesions. The trial randomly assigned 1639 patients in a 2:1 ratio, with 1092 patients in the intravascular imaging group and 547 patients
- [Aspirin vs Clopidogrel for Long-term Maintenance After Coronary Stenting in Patients With Diabetes A Post Hoc Analysis of the HOST-EXAM Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/aspirin-vs-clopidogrel-for-long-term-maintenance-after-coronary-stenting-in-patients-with-diabetes-a-post-hoc-analysis-of-the-host-exam-trial/) - The article discusses the importance of selecting the optimal antiplatelet agent in patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly in those with diabetes. The study aims to investigate cardiovascular outcomes with clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with and without diabetes. The study is a post hoc analysis of the HOST-EXAM randomized clinical trial,
- [Effect of Dapagliflozin on Total Heart Failure Events in Patients With Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction A Prespecified Analysis of the DELIVER Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/effect-of-dapagliflozin-on-total-heart-failure-events-in-patients-with-heart-failure-with-mildly-reduced-or-preserved-ejection-fraction-a-prespecified-analysis-of-the-deliver-trial/) - The DELIVER trial evaluated the effectiveness of dapagliflozin in reducing the risk of time to first worsening heart failure (HF) event or cardiovascular death in patients with HF with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction (EF). In this prespecified analysis, the objective was to assess the impact of dapagliflozin on total (i.e., first and recurrent)
- [Bempedoic Acid and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Statin-Intolerant Patients](https://www.medicineand.com/bempedoic-acid-and-cardiovascular-outcomes-in-statin-intolerant-patients/) - In this study, researchers investigated the effects of bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, on cardiovascular outcomes in patients who were unable or unwilling to take statins due to adverse effects. The study was conducted using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design with 13,970 patients, of whom 6,992 were assigned to the bempedoic acid group
- [Hospitalized for Heart Failure in Rural vs Urban US Hospitals The Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure Registry](https://www.medicineand.com/hospitalized-for-heart-failure-in-rural-vs-urban-us-hospitals-the-get-with-the-guidelines-heart-failure-registry/) - The study aimed to compare the quality of care and clinical outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) in rural versus urban hospitals in the US. The retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the Get With The Guidelines–Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) registry, including 774,419 patients hospitalized for HF at 569 sites between January 2014 and
- [Structural Valve Deterioration After Self-Expanding Transcatheter or Surgical Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients at Intermediate or High Risk](https://www.medicineand.com/structural-valve-deterioration-after-self-expanding-transcatheter-or-surgical-aortic-valve-implantation-in-patients-at-intermediate-or-high-risk/) - Structural valve deterioration (SVD) is a condition where the implanted valve in the heart fails to function properly. This study aimed to understand the frequency, clinical outcomes, and predictors of hemodynamic SVD in patients undergoing self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) or surgery. The study analyzed data from four trials, including 4,762 patients with severe
- [Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Bradyarrhythmias in Patients Screened for Atrial Fibrillation vs Usual Care Post Hoc Analysis of the LOOP Randomized Clinical Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/prevalence-and-prognostic-significance-of-bradyarrhythmias-in-patients-screened-for-atrial-fibrillation-vs-usual-care-post-hoc-analysis-of-the-loop-randomized-clinical-trial/) - The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of bradyarrhythmias in persons screened for atrial fibrillation (AF) using an implantable loop recorder (ILR) compared to unscreened persons. The post-hoc analysis of the Implantable Loop Recorder Detection of Atrial Fibrillation to Prevent Stroke (LOOP) randomized clinical trial involved 6004 participants aged 70 years or
- [Incidence of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults at Low Short-Term But High Long-Term Risk](https://www.medicineand.com/incidence-of-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease-in-young-adults-at-low-short-term-but-high-long-term-risk/) - This study aimed to compare the performance of short-term (10-year) and long-term (30-year) atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk prediction tools in young adults and evaluate the incidence of ASCVD associated with predicted short-term and long-term risk. The study included 414,260 young adults aged 18 to 39 years from a US integrated health care system and
- [Association of Left Atrial Strain With Ischemic Stroke Risk in Older Adults](https://www.medicineand.com/association-of-left-atrial-strain-with-ischemic-stroke-risk-in-older-adults/) - The Cardiovascular Abnormalities and Brain Lesions study aimed to investigate the association between left atrial strain (LAε) and left atrial strain rate (LASR) with ischemic stroke in older adults. The study was conducted from 2005 to 2010 and included 806 participants aged 55 years or older without prior history of stroke or atrial fibrillation. Annual
- [Effect of Personalized Accelerated Pacing on Quality of Life, Physical Activity, and Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Preclinical and Overt Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction The myPACE Randomized Clinical Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/effect-of-personalized-accelerated-pacing-on-quality-of-life-physical-activity-and-atrial-fibrillation-in-patients-with-preclinical-and-overt-heart-failure-with-preserved-ejection-fraction-the-mypac/) - This study aimed to assess the effects of a personalized, moderately accelerated backup heart rate compared to the standard rate of 60 beats per minute in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) who have preexisting pacemaker systems. The study enrolled 107 participants from the University of Vermont Medical Center pacemaker clinic and
- [Long-Term Effect of Goal-Directed Weight Management in an Atrial Fibrillation Cohort: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study (LEGACY)](https://www.medicineand.com/long-term-effect-of-goal-directed-weight-management-in-an-atrial-fibrillation-cohort-a-long-term-follow-up-study-legacy/) - This study evaluated the impact of weight loss and weight fluctuation on rhythm control in obese individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF). The study included 355 patients with AF who were offered weight management. Weight loss was categorized into three groups, with group 1 having a loss of ≥ 10%, group 2 having a loss of
- [Phase 2 Trial of Baxdrostat for Treatment-Resistant Hypertension](https://www.medicineand.com/phase-2-trial-of-baxdrostat-for-treatment-resistant-hypertension/) - This is a clinical trial of a drug called Baxdrostat on patients with treatment-resistant hypertension. The difference in the change in systolic blood pressure between the 2-mg group and the placebo group was −11.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], −16.4 to −5.5; P
- [Association of Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level With Risk of Fractures in Healthy Older Adults](https://www.medicineand.com/association-of-plasma-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-level-with-risk-of-fractures-in-healthy-older-adults-2/) - This is a post-hoc analysis of the ASPREE clinical trial that aimed to determine the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and fracture risk in healthy older adults. The study used data from 16,703 Australians and 2,411 US participants aged ≥70 and ≥65 years respectively, who were free from cardiovascular disease, dementia, physical disability,
- [Early Extracorporeal CPR for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest](https://www.medicineand.com/early-extracorporeal-cpr-for-refractory-out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest/) - This is a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial in the Netherlands, which assigned patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest to receive extracorporeal CPR or conventional CPR (standard advanced cardiac life support). The primary outcome was survival with a favorable neurologic outcome, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 or 2 at 30 days. The
- [Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement with a Balloon-Expandable Valve in Low-Risk Patients - PARTNER 3](https://www.medicineand.com/transcatheter-aortic-valve-replacement-with-a-balloon-expandable-valve-in-low-risk-patients-partner-3/) - In this study, 1000 patients with severe aortic stenosis and low surgical risk were randomly assigned to either undergo TAVR (transcatheter aortic-valve replacement) with a balloon-expandable valve or surgery. The primary outcome was a composite of death, stroke, or rehospitalization at 1 year. The study found that TAVR resulted in a lower rate of the
- [Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease - EMPA-KIDNEY](https://www.medicineand.com/empagliflozin-in-patients-with-chronic-kidney-disease-empa-kidney/) - The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was a study that evaluated the effects of empagliflozin, a medication, on patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression. The study enrolled 6609 patients who were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin or matching placebo. The study found that empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression
- [High Blood Pressure](https://www.medicineand.com/high-blood-pressure/) - High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is a condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is too high. The exact cause of hypertension is not always known, but it is often associated with factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, stress, high salt intake, and a family history
- [Electrocardiogram Basics](https://www.medicineand.com/electrocardiogram-basics/) - An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. It records the heart's rhythm and activity on a moving strip of paper or a digital display. It is used to diagnose a variety of cardiac conditions, including heart attacks, arrhythmias, and heart failure. The ECG records the electrical activity of
- [Association of Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level With Risk of Fractures in Healthy Older Adults](https://www.medicineand.com/association-of-plasma-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-level-with-risk-of-fractures-in-healthy-older-adults/) - This study is a post-hoc analysis of data from the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) clinical trial and the ASPREE-Fracture substudy. It aimed to determine whether higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are predictive of an increased fracture risk in healthy older adults. The study included 16,703 Australians aged 70 or
- [Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training on Transesophageal Echocardiography Learning - The SIMULATOR Randomized Clinical Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/effectiveness-of-simulation-based-training-on-transesophageal-echocardiography-learning-the-simulator-randomized-clinical-trial/) - This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of simulation-based teaching compared to traditional teaching of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) knowledge and skills in cardiology fellows. The study was conducted between November 2020 and November 2021, and included 324 cardiology fellows from 42 French university centers who were inexperienced in TEE. The participants were randomized into 2
- [FAME I and FAME II Trials](https://www.medicineand.com/fame-i-and-fame-ii-trials/) - Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Guiding Percutaneous Coronary Intervention – FAME I This is a study on patients with multivessel coronary artery disease who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with implantation of drug-eluting stents. The study randomly assigned 1005 patients to undergo PCI guided by angiography alone or guided by fractional flow reserve
- [The Association of Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio with High-Risk Coronary Plaque Characteristics Determined by CT Angiography and Its Risk of Coronary Heart Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/the-association-of-triglyceride-to-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol-ratio-with-high-risk-coronary-plaque-characteristics-determined-by-ct-angiography-and-its-risk-of-coronary-heart-disease/) - This study found that a high ratio of triglycerides (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly associated with the presence of high-risk coronary plaques, which may predict future acute coronary syndrome, in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). This ratio was also shown to be a significant predictor of adverse coronary events after
- [Progression of Atrial Fibrillation after Cryoablation or Drug Therapy - EARLY-AF Study](https://www.medicineand.com/progression-of-atrial-fibrillation-after-cryoablation-or-drug-therapy-early-af-study/) - This study reports on a 3-year follow-up of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who were randomly assigned to undergo initial rhythm-control therapy with cryoballoon ablation or receive antiarrhythmic drug therapy. The study found that initial treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation with catheter cryoballoon ablation resulted in a lower incidence of persistent atrial fibrillation or recurrent
- [Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure - SCD-HeFT Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/amiodarone-or-an-implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator-for-congestive-heart-failure-scd-heft-trial/) - This study found that therapy with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) significantly reduced the risk of death in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) who received state-of-the-art background medical therapy. This benefit was seen in patients with both ischemic and nonischemic CHF, and was more pronounced in patients in NYHA class II CHF. In contrast,
- [Outcomes of Anatomical versus Functional Testing for Coronary Artery Disease - PROMISE Study](https://www.medicineand.com/outcomes-of-anatomical-versus-functional-testing-for-coronary-artery-disease-promise-study/) - PROMISE was a study that enrolled a large, community-based population of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) and evaluated the use of two types of noninvasive testing: anatomical testing with computed tomography angiography (CTA) and functional testing. The study found that using CTA did not reduce the incidence of events, such as heart attacks
- [Heart Attack](https://www.medicineand.com/heart-attack/) - A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. This can happen when one or more of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, becomes narrowed or blocked by a buildup of
- [Twelve or 30 Months of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug-Eluting Stents - DAPT Study](https://www.medicineand.com/twelve-or-30-months-of-dual-antiplatelet-therapy-after-drug-eluting-stents-dapt-study/) - In a study of patients receiving drug-eluting coronary stents, continued treatment with thienopyridine and aspirin, compared to aspirin alone, beyond one year reduced the risk of stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. This benefit was driven by reductions in myocardial infarction related to the stent and occurring in other locations. Longer duration
- [Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes - PLATO Trial](https://www.medicineand.com/ticagrelor-versus-clopidogrel-in-patients-with-acute-coronary-syndromes-plato-trial/) - In a study comparing ticagrelor with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome, ticagrelor was found to significantly reduce the rate of death from vascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke, with a similar benefit seen for the individual components of death from vascular causes and myocardial infarction, but not stroke. Ticagrelor did not significantly increase
- [Cardiac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging](https://www.medicineand.com/cardiac-mri-magnetic-resonance-imaging/) - Cardiac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a medical imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. It is used to evaluate the structure and function of the heart, as well as to detect and diagnose a variety of heart conditions. During
- [7 Day Meal Plan](https://www.medicineand.com/7-day-meal-plan/) - Here's a 7-day diet plan that follows the guidelines of the American Heart Association. The table includes recommendations for three meals per day and aims to keep daily calorie intake at 1800, with a maximum of 1500mg of salt per day. Day Breakfast Lunch Dinner 1 1 serving oatmeal with berries and 1 hard-boiled egg
- [Recent Developments in Infectious Diseases](https://www.medicineand.com/recent-developments-in-infectious-diseases/) - Summary of some recent developments in the field of infectious disease: COVID-19 continues to be a major global health concern, with new cases and deaths being reported daily. Efforts to develop a vaccine and treatments for the disease are ongoing. There have been recent outbreaks of other infectious diseases, such as dengue fever and chikungunya,
- [Atrial fibrillation treatment](https://www.medicineand.com/atrial-fibrillation-treatment/) - The treatment of atrial fibrillation (AFib) depends on the severity of the condition and the presence of any underlying conditions. Some common treatment options include: Medications: There are several medications that can help to control the heart rate and rhythm in people with AFib. These may include beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and blood thinners.
- [Atrial fibrillation risk factors and risk modulation](https://www.medicineand.com/atrial-fibrillation-risk-factors-and-risk-modulation/) - There are several risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AFib), including: Age: AFib is more common in older adults, and the risk of developing AFib increases with age. High blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the heart and increase the risk of AFib. Heart disease: Conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and previous
- [Atrial fibrillation](https://www.medicineand.com/atrial-fibrillation/) - Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a type of irregular heartbeat that occurs when the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat too fast or too erratically. It is the most common type of arrhythmia, and it is estimated to affect more than 2.7 million people in the United States. AFib is more common in older
- [What are the different types of arrhythmias](https://www.medicineand.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-arrhythmias/) - There are several types of arrhythmias, or abnormal heart rhythms, that can occur. Some common types include: Atrial fibrillation: This is a type of irregular heartbeat that occurs when the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat too fast or too erratically. It can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
- [End Stage Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant](https://www.medicineand.com/end-stage-heart-failure-and-cardiac-transplant/) - End stage heart failure is the most severe stage of heart failure, and it refers to the point at which the heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. At this stage, heart failure may not be reversible and may require more aggressive treatment options, such as a heart
- [Medical Treatments for Heart Failure](https://www.medicineand.com/medical-treatments-for-heart-failure/) - The medical treatment of heart failure typically involves the use of medications to improve the function of the heart and help it pump more effectively. Some common medications used in the treatment of heart failure include: ACE inhibitors: These medications help relax the blood vessels and reduce the workload on the heart. They can help
- [Heart Failure Treatment](https://www.medicineand.com/heart-failure-treatment/) - There are several ways to treat heart failure, depending on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Some common treatments include: Medications: Your doctor may prescribe medications to help improve the function of your heart and help it pump more effectively. These may include ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics. Lifestyle changes: Making
- [What is heart failure?](https://www.medicineand.com/what-is-heart-failure/) - Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack, high blood pressure, or a disorder of the heart's valves. There are

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- [Heart Failure Introduction](https://www.medicineand.com/heart-failure-introduction/) - The increasing prevalence and economic impact of heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic and a significant concern in cardiovascular medicine. Currently, the primary approach to HF treatment focuses on reactive measures for those with established and symptomatic disease. However, the burden of HF will continue to rise unless effective strategies for prevention, both primary
- [Heart Murmur: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Explained in Detail](https://www.medicineand.com/heart-murmur-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment-explained-in-detail/) - Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds heard during the cardiac cycle, which can be detected by a healthcare provider using a stethoscope. These sounds are produced by the turbulent flow of blood in the heart or blood vessels and can indicate the presence of an underlying heart condition. Heart murmurs are classified based on their timing
- [ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/st-elevation-myocardial-infarction-stemi-2/) - ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a type of heart attack that occurs when there is a complete blockage of a coronary artery, resulting in reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. This causes damage to the heart muscle, and if not treated promptly, can lead to serious complications such as heart failure or even death.
- [Phases of Cardiac Cycle](https://www.medicineand.com/phases-of-cardiac-cycle/) - The cardiac cycle is the series of events that occur during a single heartbeat, from the beginning of one contraction of the heart to the beginning of the next. It is composed of several phases, each with its own characteristics and functions. The first phase is called the isovolumetric ventricular contraction (a-b), and it marks
- [Exercise and Heart Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/exercise-and-heaet-disease/) - Exercise plays a crucial role in preventing coronary heart disease (CHD), a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Regular physical activity has been shown to improve cardiovascular health, lower the risk of CHD and other chronic conditions, and enhance overall health and well-being. The American Heart Association recommends that adults aim to get at
- [STEMI and Outcomes](https://www.medicineand.com/stemi-and-outcomes/) - Myocardial infarction, commonly referred to as a heart attack, is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to damage or death of heart tissue. St elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a type of heart attack that is characterized by a specific pattern on
- [Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)](https://www.medicineand.com/left-bundle-branch-block-lbbb/) - Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) ECG Diagnostic criteria QRS duration > 120ms Dominant S wave in V1 Broad monophasic R wave in lateral leads (I, aVL, V5-6) Absence of Q waves in lateral leads Prolonged R wave peak time > 60ms in leads V5-6 Electrophysiology In a normal heart conduction, electrical impulses move down both
- [Atrial Fibrillation](https://www.medicineand.com/atrial-fibrillation/) - Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, that affects the normal rhythm of the heart. It occurs when the electrical signals in the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, become chaotic and cause the atria to contract rapidly and irregularly, rather than in a coordinated manner. In AFib, the heart
- [Normal Electrocardiogram](https://www.medicineand.com/normal-electrocardiogram/) - A normal electrocardiogram (ECG) has several distinct characters, including: P wave: Represents atrial depolarization, should be rounded and smooth, not exceeding 2.5mm in height or width. QRS complex: Represents ventricular depolarization, should be 80-100ms wide, and less than 5mm high. T wave: Represents ventricular repolarization, usually follows the QRS complex and has a different direction
- [Brugada syndrome](https://www.medicineand.com/brugada-syndrome/) - BrS was first described in 1989 as a hereditary condition involving VT/VF, SCD in normal hearts. It was later linked to loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A gene encoding the cardiac Na+ channel, but mutations in this gene are only found in ~20% of patients. Variants in 19 genes affecting Na+, K+, Ca2+, and funny currents have
- [Mitral Valve Repair](https://www.medicineand.com/mitral-valve-repair/) - Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition where blood flows back into the left atrium of the heart instead of flowing forward into the aorta. MR develops due to either damage to the mitral valve or stretching of the heart muscle, leading to valve incompetence. Causes include heart disease, congenital defects, rheumatic fever, and injury to
- [Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)](https://www.medicineand.com/transcatheter-aortic-valve-replacement-tavr/) - Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) is a minimally invasive procedure used to replace a narrowed aortic valve in patients with aortic stenosis, a condition where the aortic valve does not open properly and obstructs blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. TAVR is typically done in patients who are at high
- [Starling Curves and Heart Failure](https://www.medicineand.com/starling-curves-and-heart-failure/) - What are Starling curves? Starling curves are a graphical representation of the relationship between cardiac output and venous return in the cardiovascular system. The curves are named after Ernest Starling, a physiologist who first described them in the early 20th century. The curve shows how the heart's output (measured in cardiac output) increases as the
- [Mitral Regurgitation](https://www.medicineand.com/mitral-regurgitation/) - Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition in which the mitral valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, does not close properly. This leads to blood flowing backwards from the left ventricle into the left atrium during the ventricular contraction, known as systole. This is significant because it can lead to
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- [ICD and Cardiomyopathy](https://www.medicineand.com/icd-and-cardiomyopathy/) - Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy are typically caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias, or abnormal rapid heart rhythms that originate in the ventricles. These arrhythmias can be caused by scar tissue or damage to the heart muscle from previous heart attacks. Treatment for VF and SCD includes defibrillation, which
- [Stress Testing](https://www.medicineand.com/stress-testing/) - A cardiac stress test, also known as an exercise stress test, is a diagnostic test that measures how well the heart functions during physical activity. It is done to evaluate symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or to assess the effectiveness of treatment for known or suspected heart disease. Exercise stress testing is
- [Ejection Fraction](https://www.medicineand.com/ejection-fraction/) - Ejection fraction (EF) is a measure of the amount of blood that the left ventricle of the heart pumps out with each contraction, and it is used to assess the overall function of the left ventricle. It is defined as the percentage of blood in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (the volume of blood in
- [Bicuspid Aortic Valve](https://www.medicineand.com/bicuspid-aortic-valve/) - Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital heart defect in which the aortic valve has only two leaflets instead of the normal three. This can lead to problems with blood flow through the valve, including aortic stenosis (narrowing) and aortic regurgitation (leakage). There are two types of BAV: one in which the valve has two
- [Hypothyroidism](https://www.medicineand.com/hypothyroidism/) - Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. It can be diagnosed with a blood test measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels. A high TSH level and low T4 level are indicative of
- [Chest Pain Types](https://www.medicineand.com/chest-pain-types/) - Typical chest pain is chest discomfort that is characterized by pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest. This type of chest pain is most often associated with cardiac conditions such as angina or myocardial infarction (heart attack). Atypical chest pain is chest discomfort that does not fit the typical description of
- [Commotio Cordis](https://www.medicineand.com/commotio-cordis/) - Commotio cordis is a rare but serious condition in which a sudden, blunt impact to the chest causes a disruption in the normal rhythm of the heart, leading to cardiac arrest. It is most commonly seen in young athletes participating in sports that involve a high risk of chest trauma, such as baseball, hockey, and
- [Third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block](https://www.medicineand.com/third-degree-atrioventricular-av-block/) - Third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, also known as complete heart block, is a type of heart block that occurs when the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles is completely impaired. This means that the electrical signals from the atria are not able to reach the ventricles, and the ventricles do not contract
- [Second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block](https://www.medicineand.com/second-degree-atrioventricular-av-block/) - Second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is a type of heart block that occurs when the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles is partially impaired. There are two types of second-degree AV block: Mobitz type I (Wenckebach) - This type of AV block is characterized by a progressive prolongation of the PR interval
- [First-degree atrioventricular (AV) block](https://www.medicineand.com/first-degree-atrioventricular-av-block/) - First-degree atrioventricular (AV) block is a type of heart block that occurs when the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles is slowed. This can cause the heart to beat more slowly than normal. In first-degree AV block, the electrical signals are delayed, but they are still able to reach the ventricles
- [Sinus node dysfunction](https://www.medicineand.com/sinus-node-dysfunction/) - Sinus node dysfunction, also known as sinus node dysfunction, is a condition in which the sinus node, which is responsible for generating the electrical impulses that control the heart rate, does not function properly. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness. There are several common causes of
- [Pacemakers](https://www.medicineand.com/pacemakers/) - Pacemakers are small medical devices that are used to treat heart rhythm problems, such as bradycardia (a slow heart rate). They work by sending electrical signals to the heart to help it maintain a normal rhythm. Pacemakers are typically recommended for people who have had a heart attack, heart failure, or other heart problems that
- [Bradyarrhythmias](https://www.medicineand.com/bradyarrhythmias/) - Bradyarrhythmias are a type of heart rhythm disorder characterized by a slow heart rate (usually less than 60 beats per minute). They can be caused by problems with the heart's electrical conduction system or by certain medications or underlying medical conditions. Bradyarrhythmias are important in cardiology because they can cause a lack of blood flow
- [Cardiac coronary computed tomography](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/cardiac-coronary-computed-tomography/) - Cardiac coronary computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging test that is used to visualize the coronary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. It is used to diagnose coronary artery disease, which is a condition in which the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked by plaque
- [Smoking and Heart Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/smoking-and-heart-disease/) - Smoking is a major cause of heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco use is responsible for about 12% of all heart disease deaths. In addition to increasing the risk of heart disease, smoking also increases the risk of stroke, lung cancer, and a
- [Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)](https://www.medicineand.com/arrhythmogenic-right-ventricular-cardiomyopathy-arvc/) - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a type of heart disease that affects the right ventricle, one of the two lower chambers of the heart. It is characterized by the replacement of normal heart muscle with fibrous and fatty tissue, which can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and an increased risk of sudden cardiac
- [Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)](https://www.medicineand.com/electrocardiogram-ecg-or-ekg/) - Here are some steps you can follow to interpret an ECG: Familiarize yourself with the ECG paper: The ECG paper has horizontal lines called "small squares" and vertical lines called "large squares." These lines are used to measure the duration and voltage of the electrical activity of the heart, respectively. Identify the various waves and
- [Ventricular tachycardia (VT)](https://www.medicineand.com/ventricular-tachycardia-vt/) - Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm in which the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) beat too fast. This can cause the heart to pump less effectively, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and chest pain. In severe cases, VT can be life-threatening and may lead to sudden cardiac arrest. There are
- [Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)](https://www.medicineand.com/cardiac-magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri/) - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used to produce detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. Cardiac MRI is a specialized type of MRI that is specifically designed to produce high-quality images of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. During a cardiac MRI, a person lies on a table
- [Echocardiography](https://www.medicineand.com/echocardiography/) - Echocardiography is a medical test that uses sound waves to create an image of the heart. It is often used to assess the heart's size, shape, and function. There are several different types of echocardiography, including transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and stress echocardiography. Transthoracic echocardiography is the most common type and is performed by placing
- [Infectious Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/infectious-disease/) - Infectious diseases continue to pose a significant threat to global health, with new and emerging diseases appearing on a regular basis. The importance of research in infectious disease cannot be overstated, as this research plays a crucial role in our ability to understand, prevent, and treat these diseases. One of the main reasons why research
- [Antibiotics](https://www.medicineand.com/antibiotics/) - Antibiotics are medications that are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. They work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotics are important because they can effectively treat infections and prevent the spread of bacterial infections to others. However, there is a risk of antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria develop the
- [Amiodarone](https://www.medicineand.com/amiodarone/) - Amiodarone is a prescription medication that is used to treat a number of heart conditions, including irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) and heart failure. It is classified as an antiarrhythmic drug, which means it works by regulating the electrical activity of the heart. Amiodarone works by inhibiting the flow of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions through specific
- [Hyperthyroidism](https://www.medicineand.com/hyperthyroidism/) - Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck, produces too much thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, which is the process by which the body converts food into energy. The most common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include: Weight
- [Hyperlipidemia and Coronary Artery Disease: Prevalence and Management](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/hyperlipidemia-and-coronary-artery-disease-prevalence-and-management/) - Hyperlipidemia, or high levels of lipids (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood, is a major risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is a leading cause of death worldwide and is characterized by the build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries, which can lead to heart attack and stroke.
- [Sugar and Diabetes: The Negative Impact on Health and Cardiac Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/sugar-and-diabetes-the-negative-impact-on-health-and-cardiac-disease/) - Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people around the world. It is characterized by high levels of blood sugar, which can lead to a number of health complications if left unmanaged. One of the major contributing factors to the development of diabetes is the consumption of sugar. In this article, we will
- [Digoxin](https://www.medicineand.com/digoxin/) - Digoxin is a medication used to treat certain heart conditions, such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation. It works by inhibiting the breakdown of the chemical messenger acetylcholine in the heart, which helps to increase the strength of heart contractions and slow the heart rate. This can help to improve the pumping ability of the
- [Chest pain](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/chest-pain/) - Signs of stable ischemic heart disease (IHD) can include: Chest pain or discomfort: This is often described as a pressure or squeezing sensation in the chest that may radiate to the neck, jaw, or arms. Shortness of breath: This may occur during physical activity or at rest, and can be a sign of advanced IHD.
- [Electrocardiogram](https://www.medicineand.com/electrocardiogram/) - An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It is commonly used to diagnose heart conditions and to monitor the heart's functioning. An ECG is typically done by attaching sensors, called electrodes, to the skin on the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes pick up the electrical signals produced
- [Syncope](https://www.medicineand.com/syncope/) - Syncope is a medical term used to describe a sudden temporary loss of consciousness or fainting. It is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain. Cardiac syncope is a type of syncope that is caused by a problem with the heart. It can be caused by a variety of conditions, including
- [Commonly used antihyperlipidemic medications](https://www.medicineand.com/hyperlipidemia/commonly-used-antihyperlipidemic-medications/) - Here is a table of commonly used antihyperlipidemic medications, along with their mechanism of action and commonly used doses: Drug Mechanism of Action Commonly Used Doses Statins Statins work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is responsible for the production of cholesterol in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme, statins reduce the production of
- [Commonly used antihypertensive medications](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/commonly-used-antihypertensive-medications/) - Here is a table of commonly used drugs for the treatment of hypertension, along with their mechanism of action: Drug Mechanism of Action Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) These drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By inhibiting this
- [Interventional cardiology](https://www.medicineand.com/interventional-cardiology/) - Interventional cardiology is a subspecialty of cardiology that involves the use of minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat cardiovascular diseases. Interventional cardiologists are medical doctors who specialize in using these procedures to diagnose and treat heart conditions. The primary job of an interventional cardiologist is to perform procedures to diagnose and treat heart conditions,
- [Urinary tract infection](https://www.medicineand.com/urinary-tract-infection/) - A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that can occur anywhere in the urinary system, including the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. UTIs are most commonly caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract, although they can also be caused by other microorganisms such as fungi and viruses. The most common symptoms of a UTI
- [Low fat diet and low salt diet](https://www.medicineand.com/low-fat-diet-and-low-salt-diet/) - A low-fat diet may help to reduce the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) by reducing levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol can contribute to the build-up of plaque in the arteries, which can increase the risk of CAD. A low-fat diet may also help
- [Common Cold](https://www.medicineand.com/common-cold/) - The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, and sinuses. It is caused by a variety of viruses, with the most common being the rhinovirus. Symptoms of the common cold may include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, and congestion. Some people may
- [AVNRT (atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia)](https://www.medicineand.com/avnrt-atrioventricular-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia/) - AVNRT stands for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. It is a type of abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when electrical signals in the heart's upper chambers (the atria) and lower chambers (the ventricles) become disrupted, causing the heart to beat too fast. AVNRT typically causes a rapid heart rate, palpitations, and sometimes dizziness or fainting. It
- [Community acquired pneumonia treatment](https://www.medicineand.com/community-acquired-pneumonia/community-acquired-pneumonia-treatment/) - The treatment of community-acquired pneumonia typically involves the use of antibiotics to kill the causative microorganism. The specific antibiotic used will depend on the specific causative agent and the susceptibility of the microorganism to different antibiotics. Some commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia include: Penicillins: Penicillins are a type of antibiotic that
- [Community acquired pneumonia](https://www.medicineand.com/community-acquired-pneumonia/) - Community-acquired pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that is contracted by an individual while they are in the community, rather than in a hospital or other healthcare facility. It can be caused by a variety of different microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia varies depending on the specific causative agent
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- [Sacubitril/Valsartan (Entresto)](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/sacubitril-valsartan-entresto/) - Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan) is a prescription medication used to treat heart failure in adults. It is a combination of two medications: sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Heart failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue,
- [Diabetes Treatments](https://www.medicineand.com/diabetes-mellitus/diabetes-treatments/) - The treatment of diabetes aims to keep blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible and to prevent or delay the development of complications. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of diabetes and the individual's needs and preferences. Treatment options for diabetes may include: Insulin injections or an insulin pump: If
- [Diabetes Mellitus](https://www.medicineand.com/diabetes-mellitus/) - Diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition in which the body is unable to properly regulate the levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Glucose is an important source of energy for the body and is obtained from the food we eat. In people with diabetes, the body is unable to use glucose effectively, leading
- [Aspirin](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/aspirin/) - Aspirin is a medication that is commonly used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes. It works by inhibiting the production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting. By inhibiting thromboxane, aspirin can help prevent the formation of blood clots in the arteries, which
- [Beta blockers](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/beta-blockers/) - Beta blockers are medications that are used to treat a variety of conditions, including high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, angina (chest pain), and abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). They work by blocking the action of certain hormones called catecholamines, which are released in response to stress and can increase heart rate and blood pressure. By
- [Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/angiotensin-receptor-blockers-arbs/) - Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications that are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. They work by blocking the action of angiotensin II, a hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By blocking the action of angiotensin II, ARBs can help relax the blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
- [ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/ace-inhibitors-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors/) - ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) are medications that are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. They work by blocking the action of an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By
- [Coronavirus](https://www.medicineand.com/coronavirus/) - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread to become a global pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a member of the coronavirus family, which also includes the viruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle
- [Heart Failure Hospitalization Cost and Rate](https://www.medicineand.com/heart-failure-hospitalization-cost-and-rate/) - The acute treatment of someone who presents with heart failure depends on the severity of the heart failure and the presence of other underlying conditions. Initial treatment may involve stabilizing the patient's condition by providing oxygen and medications to improve heart function and reduce symptoms. This may include diuretics to help remove excess fluid from
- [Percutaneous Coronary Intervention](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/percutaneous-coronary-intervention/) - Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as coronary angioplasty, is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), which is a condition that occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrow or blocked. PCI is a minimally invasive procedure that involves using a catheter (a thin, flexible tube)
- [Hyperlipidemia](https://www.medicineand.com/hyperlipidemia/) - Hyperlipidemia is a medical condition in which there are high levels of lipids, or fats, in the blood. Lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides. High levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. Hyperlipidemia is a common condition that affects an estimated one in
- [Hypertension epidemiology](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/hypertension-epidemiology/) - Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common condition that affects an estimated one in three adults in the United States. It is more common in older adults, but it can occur at any age. Hypertension is also more common in certain racial and ethnic groups, including African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans.
- [Treatment of hypertension](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/treatment-of-hypertension/) - Treatment for hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, typically involves lifestyle changes and medications. The goal of treatment is to lower blood pressure to a healthy level to reduce the risk of complications, such as heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Lifestyle changes that may be recommended to lower blood pressure include: Eating a
- [Hypertension](https://www.medicineand.com/hypertension/) - Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition in which the force of the blood flowing through the arteries is consistently too high. This can cause damage to the arteries, heart, and other organs over time. Hypertension is a common condition that affects people of all ages and can be caused by
- [Code](https://www.medicineand.com/code/) - Organ Poll Which organ do you think is the most interesting? Brain Heart Lungs Kidneys Liver Intestines Stomach Spleen Pancreas Thyroid gland Submit
- [ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/st-elevation-myocardial-infarction-stemi/) - ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a type of heart attack that occurs when a blood clot completely blocks a coronary artery, disrupting the blood flow to a portion of the heart. STEMI is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to minimize damage to the heart muscle. Symptoms of STEMI may include severe chest pain,
- [Coronary artery disease prognosis](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/coronary-artery-disease-prognosis/) - Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a type of cardiovascular disease that occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the accumulation of plaque. It is a common condition that can lead to serious complications, including heart attack, angina, and heart failure. The treatment of CAD depends on
- [Risk factors of coronary artery disease](https://www.medicineand.com/risk-factors-of-coronary-artery-disease/) - There are several risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), including: High blood pressure: High blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of CAD. High cholesterol: High levels of cholesterol in the blood can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Diabetes: People with diabetes have an increased risk of
- [Coronary Artery Disease](https://www.medicineand.com/coronary-artery-disease/) - Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to a buildup of plaque. Plaque is a substance made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that can accumulate on the inner walls of the arteries. When plaque builds up,

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